فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 51 (پاییز 1401)

Urban expansion has been a very important topic not only in the management of sustainable development, but also in the fields of remote sensing and geographic information science. Urban planners also encounter a huge challenge to require the understanding of the complex urban growth process, which involves various factors with different patterns of behavior. Modeling of an urban development pattern is the prerequisite to understanding the process and might be the first step in making a decision on urban planning. The main issues of great importance in land use modeling include spatial dynamics, temporal dynamics, incorporation of human drivers of land use changes, and scale dynamics. Dynamic simulation models and empirical estimation models have been used to model land use changes. Rule-based simulation models are mostly suitable for incorporating spatial interaction effects and handling temporal dynamics. However, Cellular Automata (CA) models do not focus on interpretation or understanding of Spatio-temporal processes of urban growth. Most dynamic simulation models cannot incorporate enough socioeconomic variables. Empirical estimation models use statistical techniques to model the relationships between land use changes and the drivers based on historic data. As an empirical estimation method, a regression model has been used in deforestation analysis, agriculture, and urban growth modeling.This paper tends to apply a regression to model urban changes in the old part of the Kermanshah city (Faizabad neighborhood) from 1956 to 2011. In this regard, multi-temporal airborne images were used as a data source. According to the common assumptions, urban physical forms are characterized as the results of a complex deliberation process that involves consideration of many factors. Monitoring of urban fibers transformation through airborne images and translating the obtained data provide a systematic database which can be used in empirical analyses. Applying a grid network for the first time yields the images to quantify obtained results from every cell of the network. In the second step, each cell value recorded for the available temporal period and the Minitab 16 software were used to gain regression equations from these values. The nearest relation between cells value in an observed period was provided by the software as a quadratic equation. Adding an appropriate value to equations gives an estimated amount for its related cell in the selected period of time. The approach was calibrated for 2016 by cross comparing of actual and simulated cells value. In order to examine the modeling precision, the same process was done for 2016 images and cells data were extracted. After the cross comparing, the simulation results were consonant more than 70% with actual data of 2016, which was satisfactory to approve the calibration process. Urban development programs and non-professional interventions in this case study area caused to more disparities and dismantle the logic of the model. Simplicity and the easiness of the proposed model are main privileges in comparison with the previous ones. In summary, this model can be used as a quick responsible way to predict urban changes in specific areas which give acceptable schematic responses.

The functional quality of the mosque space organization is very important due to its collective nature. Mosques, as a kind of collective camps with a high potential for socialization in order to harmonize worship, educational and cultural activities; They create a hierarchy of behavioral and activity systems. Today, due to changes in the urban structure, we can see an increase in the formation of mosques with a class structure or a plan with the principles of minimalism in the city of Qazvin. The desired and permanent connection between the space and the audience in these mosques is not established and fulfilled.Whereas the physical factor is one of the determining factors in the sociability of the mosque space and the functional component occurs in the light of the physical component; Therefore, the basis for the formation of many functions, especially social function in the place owes to the effects of the above two factors. The purpose of the research; Assessing the degree of sociability in mosques and the factors affecting its social quality by prioritizing physical and functional components in mosques in Qazvin. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative methods have been used in data collection. First, with the help of descriptive-analytical research method, using library resources, scientific articles and recording events with field techniques, information was collected, then by comparative analysis and logical reasoning, the social structure of mosques was evaluated. Spatial configuration and the composition of the distribution of spaces are the main factors in the pattern of voluntary and social activities in mosques. In order to explain the role of some dynamic physical factors and collective functions, the correlation method and a questionnaire were used. According to the previous explanations, the sample population in the selected mosques distributed 120 questionnaires among the audience and 98 questionnaires were filled by them. The aggregated data set provides a comprehensive picture of case studies focusing on the impact of features related to the configuration and type of organization of intermediate spaces, their arrangement and proportions, and performance variation. Therefore, the mosques of the measured neighborhood, Imam Hassan Askari (AS) and Javadalaimah (AS) have been purposefully selected.The results indicate that static and dynamic physical factors such as; Distribution, configuration, spatial hierarchy, and environmental comfort, along with activity factors, are effective in social cohesion, number of visits, duration of user presence, and consequently socialization of the mosque environment. Therefore, the two factors of body and function in the spatial organization of mosques, to meet the needs of users and their expectations in creating diverse areas of behavior - collective spaces for the need to interact or provide privacy - play an important role and can be considered by any The components in the design took steps to promote a sense of dynamism and satisfaction as a result of the presence of the audience in public places such as mosques.configuration, spatial hierarchy, and environmental comfort, along with activity factors, are influential in the sociability of the mosque environment.

University, a source of science production, can play an important role in the development of society in economic, social, cultural, and political dimensions. If universities and training centers do not succeed in this endeavor, a gap between what students learn and the needs of the professional environment will emerge. Also, playing the effective role of architects in society is an essential issue. However, architecture graduates do not have a proper perspective of their professional future, and despite their theoretical knowledge, they face many obstacles in society. We are now in an age where we are witnessing drastic changes in the labor market. This deprives the persons’ job security, assurance, and expands the range of skills that he needs to learn in order to enter the professional environment. To promote Iranian architecture education, efforts have been made by researchers in the form of histories and reviews of curriculum units, but it is not reviewed to know what are the barriers ahead graduates to play an effective, and professional role. Therefore, investigating, in this case, is very important and necessary for entrepreneurship, skills training, and the development of cooperation between universities, industry, and the promotion of architectural education. This article identifies the barriers and related important parameters. It tries to identify the educational problems, difficulties, and development of teachers’ education, more effective educational programs and promoting students' learning to adapt to the professional environment in society. In this research, a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods has been used. Therefore, using the method of analytical-exploratory research deals with this issue. First, using the Delphi method and qualitative analysis by MAXQDA, a questionnaire was prepared for surveying architecture graduates and specialists, and 384 people were selected as the sample of this study by Cochran test. Then the answers to the questionnaire were quantitatively analyzed using factor analysis by SPSS and parallel analysis. Findings show that after the final rotation of research indices by the Varimax method, correlated indices were placed in all three categories. The first category includes items Q5, Q18, and Q8 with a factor loading of 0.804, -0.736, 0.498, and the second category includes items Q12, Q4, and Q17 with a factor loading of 0.735, 0.732, 456. The third category includes items, Q3, Q11, Q9, and Q16 with a factor loading of 0.606, 0.602, -0.510, -0.444. The names of educational and skill barriers, social and cultural barriers, individual and psychological barriers, were selected for the factors, after interpreting the nature of the related indicators. Finally, it is found that these three barriers are ahead of architecture graduates and their important factors are: lack of practical training and soft skills, lack of proper business model, and credentialism. Research and presentation of various solutions in the field of all indicators of the three barriers, especially the final indicators, is very important and can be the issue of starting future research and can be used by major policymakers of higher education, architecture researchers, university professors, students, and Entrepreneurs.

The soundscape is one of the perceptual dimensions of the urban landscape, the quality of which depends on the pleasantness of the auditory perception of individuals. Different sonic potentials and, in general, the acoustic environment of any urban space is affected by the character and role of the area in the city. The central streets of the town are one of the urban spaces that, in addition to passing the various modes of transportation like light vehicles, heavy vehicles, motorcycles, buses, and BRT, include diverse land uses and functions and activities that it is both a transit space and a destination space for pedestrians. The acoustic quality of this space, which is affected by traffic flow and all activities that take place there, has a significant impact on the tendency of people to use the area and its pleasantness. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the quality of soundscape perception of pedestrians on Imam Street in Tabriz, which is the central main street of the city that embraces various architectural heritage sites and buildings. The sound walk method was used for the subjective assessment of 30 people (17 men and 13 women) based on the standard requirements of ISO12913-2. After giving the necessary training to the people, they were asked to walk from Fajr square to Shahid Beheshti Square, focusing on listening and evaluating the soundscape of the route at three station points. The results showed that nature-related sounds like bird songs, wind in the trees, and human sounds like conversations, kids playing sounds were assessed as pleasant, and the traffic-related sounds were assessed negatively. These unpleasant sounds were bus passing, motorcycles, horns, and sirens. In terms of overall soundscape quality, the route from Shariati Intersection to Saat square was evaluated as more eventful, memorable, chaotic, vibrant and pleasant. It seems this part's character and spatial organization have a meaningful effect on the pleasantness of the soundscape. The characteristics that differ from the two other factors are openness, different grades of the enclosure, the quality of porosity of the façade, diversity of the old buildings, sight to the heritage sites and buildings like Alishah Citadel, Saat palace and diversity in land use and functions like cinemas, fast foods and restaurants. When it was asked if the soundscape quality of space is according to your expectations, surprisingly, the majority of respondents answered that yes, and it was because the street is one of the main routes of the city, and it is normal to be chaotic and loud, but they admitted that this loudness shouldn't be related to unpleasant sounds. On the hand, results demonstrated that in similar traffic conditions, the factors affecting the perceptual pleasantness of individuals depend on the following factors: diversity of land use and activity (increasing diversity (spatial contrast) Leads to increased pleasantness, increased open and green space including diverse vegetation, reduced background noise level as well as architectural species of heritage value (the presence of valuable architectural heritage increases overall pleasantness).

When a project for the development of the city is planned, designed and implemented, it will definitely have consequences. Development catalyst projects are no exception to this rule. In recent years, with the increase of these projects, It is necessary to study the views of citizens of the neighborhoods targeted for regeneration as the main stakeholders of these projects. The current study aims to determine the effectiveness of the match factory revitalization project in improving the quality of the neighborhood to measure the perceptions and expectations of neighborhood residents of the dimensions and factors of local development and catalyst. This research is of applied type and has been prepared by evaluation method with gap analysis model, and its statistical population consists of residents and businesses over 18 years of age in the Koochamshki neighborhood. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula and simple random method, 384 people. The required information was collected through library and survey studies using a questionnaire and analyzed using ANOVA and T-Test. The results indicate a high score of respondents 'expectations from the three dimensions of development and catalyst (4.23) and a low score of their perception (3.26), which shows that there is a difference between residents' perceptions and expectations after the revival of the match factory. Also, the existence of a significant gap (-0.97) between residents' perceptions and expectations of the dimensions and factors of development and catalyst in this neighborhood confirms the second hypothesis of the research. Calculating the difference between the average score of residents' perceptions and expectations among the factors also shows that the largest gap belongs to the factor of "residential dignity" (-1.48) and the lowest gap belongs to the factor of "physical and environmental status of housing" (-0.4). dedicated. The findings also indicate that there is a significant difference between the expectations and perceptions of respondents in terms of their residency, but in relation to the gender of respondents, despite the gap between the views of both sexes, no significant difference in terms of perception and expectation was found between men and women. An important issue in findings is the negative gap in all dimensions and factors studied which shows the failure of planners to meet residents' expectations of changes effected by the catalyst project. Observations and field studies show that after the implementation of this project, growing events have taken place in this neighborhood; But analytical studies indicate that the implementation of this project has not yet been able to meet the demands and needs of neighborhood residents. The research findings indicate the existence of a gap between residents' perceptions and expectations of development factors in this neighborhood, which is statistically significant. An important issue in the research findings is the negative gap in all dimensions and factors studied, which shows the failure of planners to meet residents' expectations of changes effected by the local development catalyst project. In order to increase the residents' satisfaction, the factors with more gaps should be prioritized and measures should be taken to reduce the desired gap.

Designing the rail transport station spaces to facilitate routing is a crucial and complex responsibility in architecture. Some problems in the design of these spaces are the biggest obstacles to the presence of disabled individuals . in social activities. The present study was aimed investigate and explain the role of sensory-based architecture components in routing-orientation of railway transport station spaces, as an approach in promoting and facilitating this process for the disabled. The methodology of the research was descriptive-analytical and correlation. The research area is Tehran metro stations and its statistical population was station users. The research sample was Mehrabad airport station and 246 users of this station were selected using purposive random sampling. The data were collected by both library and field methods. The components that facilitate routing-orientation and their instances were identified and extracted through the study and review of theoretical discussions on the research issue and face-to-face and semi-structured interviews with 20 experts. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made illustrated questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed by creating specific sensory conditions. The results showed that the motor components with a coefficient (0.810) had the highest impact in facilitating the routing process of disabled individuals. Physical components with coefficient (0.532), visual components with coefficient (0.460) and important signs with coefficient (0.271), also had a positive and significant effect on the routing orientation process of the people with disability. It was found that the most influential were the motor components, which indicate that routing depends on horizontal and vertical communication elements and how these elements are combined in the design of the routing process. Thus, the circulation system should be designed as its elements can be easily identified and designed based on the movement patterns of people with different abilities based on sensory components. In this regard, visual and informational emphasis on the location of stairs, elevators and their placement is of great importance. Design hierarchies and how to combine routes and intersections, nodes in them, how to access the outside, input and output, etc. , designing spaces with characters with special sensory characteristics (such as nostalgic sensory station design, child-oriented sensory station, elderly-oriented sensory station, memory-based sensory station, etc.),design the routes of intercity and suburban travel converter stations to understand the levels and platforms of passengers ‘ route change and entry and exit routes by understanding the geographical location of the ground to reduce the confusion sense of passengers (airport-railway), emphasis on designing each station uniquely and avoidance of repetition in designs and use of various materials for each station, etc. can be good solutions. Physical and visual components have a significant impact on facilitating the routing process. In station spaces that are mainly designed in the basement or closed spaces, the central openings (void, atrium, central courtyard, etc.) as intermediate and key destinations can be an important factor in marking and reducing distractions and can lead to better navigation and orientation. Various architectural visual components such as light, color, shape can be used to emphasize routing goals.

Increasing energy consumption in buildings has result in environmental issues and have led many researchers to explore ways to reduce fossil fuel consumption. One of the most cost-effective and logical ways to use energy resources in residential buildings is to use passive solar systems such as sunspaces.Sunspaces are passive systems that can easily be integrated into the structure of a building, whether it is under construction or already completed. The primary role of passive sunspace systems is to collect solar energy, accumulate it inside, and transfer it to other living areas. In addition, sunspaces also serve as buffer zones, protecting the indoor space from excessive heat loss.The design of building with a sunspace can be improved if the method of energy performance simulation is accompanied by optimization algorithms. Building optimization can include a variety of goals, such as energy, environmental, economic, etc. Use of passive systems in residential buildings can provide a substantial portion of passive solar heating, but the degree of efficiency of sunlight depends on numerous parameters, such as climatic parameters. In this paper, the effects of sunspaces on energy gain and reducing energy consumption are presented. The best known stationary methods, such as those used in the EN ISO 13790 standard do not yield sufficiently accurate results. Dynamic simulation methods that can determine energy needs of buildings more precisely require computer support and more time for the simulation to be performed.The energy performance of the sunspace was calculated using parametric modeling in Grasshopper software and Rhino software and energy simulation was carried out using Energyplus. Simulations were performed according to the climate of the city of Sanadaj,which is located in a cold climate area, Meteorological data considered in the model represent a meteorological year.The proposed method of performance optimization utilizes various tools and technologies including parametric design, building simulation modeling, and Genetic Algorithms. To achieve simulation goals, different models of sunspace with different dimensions and orientations in Sanandaj have been studied. Modifications of the the models included different proportions of sunspace dimensions, orientations, , and the use of different thermal insulations.The orientation, towards the south, receives the highest energy, and with a ,20 degrees rotation to the west or east, the highest amount of energy can be gained. Examination of sunspace models with 3 percentages of window-to-wall ratio: 40%, 50% and 60% showed that the 50% percent WWR is more desirable compared to other models. The highest increase in energy absorption to help reduce the heating load during the cold season occurs when the sunspace has the longest length, ie 5 meters, because in this case, the southward is increased and the desired depth is 1 meter while by reducing or increasing this amount, solar energy gain is reduced. Also, to improve the performance of the sunspace, the use of conventional thermal insulation has been investigated. Polyurethane with a thickness of 10 cm has the lowest efficiency in terms of reducing energy consumption in the sunspace, while other insulating materials with similar thichness are more effective.

Events such as war due to the ideals of a land, can be the formation and background of the memory of a city or country. In order to continue and transmit these memories, we must pay attention to the emphasis on the representation of urban spaces and identities that affect people and their mentality. In order to revive the spaces and emphasize the history of a city, events and especially events such as war, films play a planning role. In this regard, the present researcher has examined two films, "The Third Day", which narrates the resistance in the western regions of Khorramshahr in 1980, and "Standing in the Dust", which begins from the moment. The purpose of this study is to influence the elements and features of urban spaces in promoting war memories by movies. What a representation of the wartime period for the consolidation and continuity of urban spaces is reminiscent of a war event. Accordingly, first by using documentary studies and important libraries of urban spaces and cinema and communication with each other in the form of urban symbol, personality, urban functions, values, rituals, the voice of the city and nature. And was expressed based on important criteria and elements to revive memory in each field. Then, the amount of portrayal in the two films "Third Day" and "Standing in the Dust" was examined and according to the results obtained from the encounters with the representation of war, according to the ideology of directing has shown. Studies show that most of the urban spaces used in "Standing in the Dust" focused on urban performance with a duration of 1642, the film time and the highest in "Third Day". The time of the display of wartime spaces is related to the symbol of the city, such as the search to display the symbolic meanings of trenches, enemy tanks and martyrs in inducing the concept of war in the city, which is 677 seconds of the film. From the viewers' point of view, the symbol of the city in "The Third Day" is one of the most important in the inductions of the war, while the film "Standing in the Dust" refers more to the quality that has the natural characteristics of war and the performance of the city. Considering the comparison between the qualities expressed and the author in the movie In the Dust, it is important to pay attention to urban performances, which is also very effective in the eyes of the viewers of this movie, and in the third day movie, the symbol of the city is considered by the director. And the author is considered and is considered as an important symbol of the city by the viewers of this film. Interviews and hockey reviews of urban performance and war landscape symbols in the sequence of war genre films have a significant impact and based on this, map solutions to provide urban views from an urban planning perspective in these cases have been presented.